Without compiler bugs, on stock Linux, you can achieve the same thing via /proc/self/mem. Rust makes this very easy because you can get the raw address from safe code, so no guessing is required which memory location to patch.

For the compiler bug, as someone who never strayed into those regions of Rust programming, it's not clear to me how likely it is that someone would write such code by accident and introduce a memory safety issue into their program. I browsed the Github issues, but couldn't find an indicator how people encountered this in the first place.