The pprof format is not tied to Go. From my understanding, it's used within Google across multiple languages. The format is defined in the pprof repository[0], and the visualization tool is source-language agnostic. I've seen libraries in numerous languages (e.g. Python, Java) to publish profiles in pprof format. This is an indicator the pprof format has become de-facto. Grafana Pyroscope[1] is a tool that's capable of parsing the pprof format, agnostic to the source programming language, and has instructions for Go, Java, Python, Ruby, node.js, Rust, and .NET.
My understanding is that you're searching for a combination of the profiles, metrics, and tracing. Caddy supports all 3.
[0] https://github.com/google/pprof/blob/main/doc/README.md
[1] https://grafana.com/docs/pyroscope/latest/
metrics and tracing need to be manually enabled (for now, perhaps)