I'd call this a parametric plot, useful when you have two quantities which vary over time, and you want to visualise how they relate to each other. There are some good examples of that on the Ladder of Abstraction demo, http://worrydream.com/LadderOfAbstraction/ The "Abstracting Over Time" graphic is a parametric plot of the position of the car, where x is horizontal position, y is vertical position, and distance along the line is time.
But it's not a parametric plot either, because the number of pirates goes up and then down.
I guess it could plausibly be a normal graph with the X axis being some silly function of time; or a parametric plot with the X axis being a stupid function of pirates. But really I think aw3c2 was right: the graph makes zero sense.
This type of plot can be confusing when the relationship isn't strong, but I think it works well enough here.
edit: there's also this plot type: http://i.imgur.com/jgMFS.png
As hat wearing went down car sales went up?
I don't think it's an entirely unlikely explanation.
It would provide evidence, however.
Everyone i know in design and marketing everyone blabs about how lack of marketing killed hats.
But no one i know also happens to have breakfast talks everyday with a anthropologist phd studying fashion.
There's actually some really interesting literature about how copyright would significantly hurt the fashion industry, because it is dependent on a large degree of 'copying' styles to create trends, which is key to creating planned obsolescence to keep people buying new clothes.
Edit: A nice TED talk on this, starting at 3:57 http://www.ted.com/talks/johanna_blakley_lessons_from_fashio...