Well, for Hungary, you have John von Neumann and Eugene Wigner, who both finished an Elite School in Budapest: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasori_Gimn%C3%A1zium. And you also have Erdos.

Of course, you might say they were Jewish, but they are the product of the Hungarian School of Mathematics.

Ulam, Banach? Other people who made the atomic bomb? Often polish-jewish

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_mathematician... (on a side note, the table should be reworked with sortable dates and names - last name perhaps first but Im not sure how to do it)

There were no Eulers anywhere except Switzerland (later Russia), though I guess there was a Gauss in Germany, so I think that’s a slightly poor example. A pretty random list of polish mathematicians you may have heard of:

- Copernicus

- Marie Curie

- Banach and Tarski

I think it’s worth noting that the history of the modern borders and what happened inside them is more complicated than that of (say) Switzerland so, for example, someone may have come from what is now considered Poland but be seen as a Prussian or Russian scientist based on where the political entity that was around when they were working.

I think it’s reasonable to say that the math & science culture goes back at least as far as when socialist-style education systems were being set up.