Person A takes group Photo. Person B "could I have that"? Two people touch phones and hit accept.
Another example for AirDrop use cases is transferring large media files to another device. People use that all the time for moving recordings to their editing computer, for example. Even if you have all your stuff in the cloud (which not everyone does) - it‘s much faster to do a local transfer than uploading and downloading something like a high res raw video from a modern phone.
If you are capable of sharing a resource in a message or album, it is also automatically shareable via airdrop. iOS treats them all the same via the share sheet.