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How does modern physics address the argument?

Due to the pressure in the water being higher than in the center (the momentum of an individual molecule forces it outwards), a higher column of water is supported at the rim.

The speeds involved are not relativistic, so this isn't a matter of special or general relativity. Except, of course, one needs to explain the conservation of momentum relative to the universe. Noether said that's because space is isotropic.

Modern physics tells us there is no absolute space. Instead, there are geodesics in spacetime (General Relativity). The article points this out.

How do geodesics address the argument?

The argument is incomplete, and therefore incorrect (as the article points out).

Geodesics in spacetime address the nature of motion through space and time.

I think there are a few 'fringe' modern-ish physics projects that actually do suggest that space could be made from something, and can flow (which can provide an explanation for gravity and relativity) Reg Cahill's "Process Physics" (from a while back) had a good crack at this I reckon and more recently Wolfram's work around graph-rewriting operations as a model for fundamental-space.. which sounded like it went pretty well!

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