iMessage can be disabled by local MDM for supervised devices, via free Apple Configurator in macOS app store, https://support.apple.com/guide/deployment/restrictions-for-...
For Wi-Fi–only devices, the Messages app is hidden.
For devices with Wi-Fi and cellular, the Messages app is still available, but only the SMS/MMS service can be used.
SMS/MMS messages and non-emergency cellular radio traffic can be disabled by a SIM PIN, e.g. when using device for an extended period via WiFi.