>"this combination of preconditions yield a business logic edge case that wasn't accounted for". Static typing doesn't really help more than dynamic typing in these cases.
Depends on the language and the business logic. Types are a way of specifying preconditions and postconditions; a more expressive type system lets you rule out more edge cases by making illegal states unrepresentable.
In particular, I'm pretty sure it's not possible to have the thread bug from the article in Rust's type system.