Slightly less worse, but the original function that I inputted into ChatGPT to generate the code from my message was this:

      def create_user(email)
        user = User.create(email: email)
        user.roles << Roles.find_by(name: 'admin')
        user.permissions << Permissions.find_by(name: 'invite')
        Templates.find_by(name: 'invite').call(user: user)
      end

IMO this 4 line function is significantly better in terms of clarity, readability, and it avoids unnecessary state. Testability and encapsulation are the same.

(I would argue that the encapsulation is better with a function, since encapsulation is way too easy to break in Ruby, but hey, that's me)