So could catagorization of local stone based on acoustic and visual indicators, combined with random sampling and strength testing provide the assurance needed that a wall will have the required structural properties?
If you haven't pulverized and mixed the inputs, a random sample is merely a random sample. It isn't meaningful unless it comes from a high-entropy source.
Sure, you might have been really unlucky that all your test samples of soil and rock were really strong granite, but the exact spot you put the main structural pile, unknown to you, was all mud and silt... But the chances are so vanishingly unlikely we accept it.
Not ahead of time, but as you build.