I am fond of the "STASM" analytical framework given in: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48612/48612-h/48612-h.htm#Pa...

> The point will invariably arise: "This tells me how to listen to a foreign radio. Okay, I'll get the news, the lectures, the plays—all the rest of it. But so what? How am I going to know what's the truth and what's propaganda? How can I tell 'em apart? Tell me that!"

> The answer is simple: "If you agree with it, it's truth. If you don't agree, it's propaganda. Pretend that it is all propaganda. See what happens on your analysis reports."

(If I understand TFA, Linebarger's proposed 1948 sol'n seems to lie in not updating beliefs, or at least not so aggressively?)