Great post - I've been looking for a serious update to Mackay's numbers for ages.

One thing in curious about: developments in fixed wind turbines tech mean they are economically viable in more locations (e.g. deeper water) so can cover more area.

But how much more do they produce per square km of deployment than Mackay's estimates?

In his book, he has a nice section explaining that bigger turbines have to be spaced out more, so whilst theyre cheaper, they don't produce as much more energy as the headline 'output per turbine' would naively suggest.

But modern turbines are higher, so they presumably 'catch' more wind, and windspeeds are more consistent higher up. But I'm curious how big an effect this is.