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Comment by dagw | Hacker News Reader

The big difference is that in most European countries I know of you are locked into that fixed rate for the duration of the loan and cannot re-finance or pay it off early without getting hit with huge penalty fee, essentially equal to the lost interest payments the bank would be missing out on. In the US you can pay off and/or renegotiate early without those penalties.

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Not true, depends on European bank. I did pay my mortgage which was originally 25 years IIRC in Czech republic fully, one time payment, with no extra fees associated to this. Whether bank was happy or wanted me to keep paying all those years is another story, but their contract specifically allowed it.

In my French mortgage, I have 25 year fixed part, no point paying down that one earlier since the fee would be the sum of all the fixed interest for 25 years (what you wrote). Then the other part is calculated every 3 months from EURIBOR (not that great now, just like elsewhere). This one I can pay partially or fully anytime without any fees.

My Swiss mortgage is completely different and unique beast (also split in 2 parts, one fixed 1 variable from Saron rate), nothing you can see anywhere else in the world IIRC. 20% cash downpayment as usually, then in next 15 years I need to pay off another 15% of the property, and rest is just interest payments. We'll never fully own the property, and its very disadvantageous tax-wise to own it(so nobody here does it if they can avoid it). Swiss invented an additional property tax (Imputed rental value) that is calculated from hypothetical rent you could extract from given property, and you are taxed also from this theoretical income, even if its your primary residence.

This sounds strange. Banks typically hedge their fixed rate loan portfolio because there aren't many equivalent long-dated fixed-rate funding sources available to them. If the US market is such that borrowers can repay early or renegotiate long-dated fixed-rate mortgages without penalties, the banks are practically guaranteed significant losses when fixed-rates decline. Do US banks just charge higher spreads than European ones to compensate for this? That sounds undesirable, similar to tax loopholes: everyone pays more to compensate the enlightened few that actually take advantage of something that _everyone_ would want to do.

The US mortgage market is essentially backstopped by the US government. Banks can sell the fixed rate mortgages to a government backed bank at a guaranteed rate and so don't have to hold the interest rate risk on their books. The US government (both parties) has long believed that home ownership is important and have a lot of policies to encourage it, this is one of them.

You can repay early in the Netherlands as well. A friend of mine works for a major bank to hedge the risk of their mortgage portfolio. He mentioned once that the biggest risk for Dutch banks is not the risk of default, but risk of early repayment. This always surprised foreign investors when they did due diligence to invest in Dutch mortgages.

There are ways they use to hedge for this risk. I don't know if this is desirable, but that is probably the case in the US as well.

Paying off an extra 10% of the loan each year without penalty is usually possible in the Netherlands for a 30 year mortgage. I did it this year.

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