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Comment by 22c | Hacker News Reader

I found the blog post a bit hard to follow but there doesn't seem to be a need for exceptions here.

This seems more like

  if (cond)
    <do stuff>
    if (anothr_cond)
      my_else()
    else
      <do more stuff>
    end
  else
    my_else()
  end

but with syntax sugar so that the nested ifs are tucked away (and perhaps with my_else() scoped to the parent if).

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Exactly!

The big idea is that usually the `else` will do a nonlocal exit, so we should try to rewrite this in the "flat/early-out style." But then if you're declaring intermediate variables, you end up with duplicate lines:

    auto var = op;
    if (!var.cond) return my_else;
    auto var2 = op2(var);
    if (!var2.another_cond) return my_else;
    do more stuff;

There's this sort of very regular block in there, of "declare variable, test condition, nonlocal exit".

So the idea was to combine the `if (!var.cond) return my_else` into one expression-level location, so it turns out as

    auto var = op? else return my_else;
    auto var2 = op2(var)? else return my_else;
    <do more stuff>
    // Or instead
    if (auto var = op?) {
        auto var2 = var.op2?;
        <do more stuff>
    }

Then the question was, what's the best way to get both of those? And it occurred to me what I actually wanted was just a way to branch out of the if entirely, I didn't really care about preserving any values in the alternate case, I just wanted to tear the entire expression/scope down and do something else.

Monad to the rescue

  Optional.of(op)
    .filter(v -> !v.cond)
    .map(v -> op2(v))
    .filter(v2 -> !v2.cond)
    .map(/* do more stuff */)
    .orElseGet(() -> my_else)

Yep, in an expression language that's how you'd do it. However, we're an imperative language, and the advantage of `else` is that we can use an imperative construct, `if()`, to locate the else case in the code - so we don't need to handle it in the typesystem. That's an inversion from monadic languages, where types contain/emulate statements - in C-likes, statements contain expressions/types! So `breakelse` effectively is glue that lets us turn part of the type into a control flow, which is deliberately not represented in the typesystem. `Optional.case(:else: breakelse).X` and now in X, we're no longer dealing with an `Optional` at all. We're not "inside" the Optional as we would be with `map`; we've effectively everted the entire `Optional` using non-local flow from the `else` case.

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