I also want to mention that patients are forced into arbitration via the contract for service they initially sign [2] that many don't read (whether due their inability to understand it or time constraints on needing immediate care and limited availability of doctors). However, I think it's a shady practice that hurts patients [3] and it would be worth keeping the data showing doctors taking advantage of it regardless. The main excerpt from the article supporting my thoughts is "Doctors’ attorneys are more likely to develop relationships with the arbitrators, they say, who, in turn, may give the plaintiff only a token award to get continued business from doctors."
[1] https://search.dca.ca.gov/details/8002/G/77959/9df8d122bd5b5...
[2] https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2007/ccp/1295.html
[3] https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-apr-24-he-22804...