The argument agrees (as do I) that it is right for the government to collect taxes, and that many individuals (including myself) should pay taxes; believe me, I like having a stable society!! -- but "income" is not a good basis.
It comes down to two things: ownership and also what government should encourage (taxes are a way of "discouraging" things by adding an additional cost).
Labor. I and only I own my labor, else I am a slave. On what basis does the government have rights to the fruits of this? Why discourage me from employing my labor to the benefit of my countrymen?
Capital. If I deploy my capital, hopefully to make other's labor more efficient, I am taking the risk. Why should the government also charge me for this? Why discourage me from investing?
Land. Ahhh, here we have something. My ownership of my land is a right granted by the government (unlike my ownership of my labor). And land is only (economically) good for rent-seeking, which is economically harmful.
Taxes on land could fully fund the government, provide the wealth redistribution which is necessary to keep capitalist economies functioning for more than a few generations, and aligns with the foundational principles of democratic governments (natural law, rights of man vs government, etc).