This is really a breathtaking legal situation.
Yeah, not really. They issued USD debt and chose NYC as the legal jurisdiction to make their bond more attractive to overseas buyers. There are probably a myriad of overseas entities involved. It is very unlikely this will spread back to Mainland China.
Bankruptcy law typically trumps virtually all other laws, with not much to guide the court's discretion.
No, sovereignty does. We learned that during the CoCo bond 100% write-down during the Credit Suisse forced merger with UBS.