Isn't this this mono vs micro kernel debate all over again?
In short, hardware is more capable, and so perhaps now we can afford to take more opportunities to trade a little bit of overhead for abstractions that are more modular and robust.
The basic problem is that the kernel boundary is a trust boundary. You assume that anything in the kernel is legit and won't try to attack you, which simplifies things a lot. In the microkernel world the original idea was that all the servers would be just ordinary programs you could swap in and out at will. But then the threat model becomes muddied and unclear. Is it OK to run a server that's untrusted? If so, to what extent?
The Hurd seems under-designed as a consequence. To make that vision work you'd need to be willing to depart from UNIX way more, which really means being a research OS.
No, of course, it doesn't automatically do so. But it makes it a whole hell of a lot easier to write a reliable service, if you don't have to deal with all the crap that a monolithic kernel does. In a very real sense, lines of code are a liability: fewer LoC generally translates into fewer bugs in the software.
I think you'd find Plan 9 interesting. It deals with many of the issues you're talking about in a rather head on way. In fact, it takes things even further than Hurd might, and allows processes to migrate to different processors, which may be contained on completely different machines.
They aren't general purpose, but I presume microkernel "services" would also not be general purpose?
We could afford that before, it's just that Linus didn't see the value and put his foot down. Which is definitely a choice.
Not to forget all the hardware based security bypasses that let any random application read and even modify any memory location it wants to.
On the other hand, datacenters have become so large that a 1% performance improvement can amount to millions of dollars in hardware and energy savings, so the extra cost of a microkernel might not be very welcome outside consumer devices.
Microkernels have won, even if monolitich kernel advocates haven't yet got the message.
they are seldom implemented correctly on firmware/mainboard level.
2. Modern day hardware is mostly just ringbuffers mapped to memory. There's a real convergence of hardware interfaces, virtio, and io_uring into all being this very similar looking thing. With IOMMUs, moving drivers to userspace is pretty attractive. There's not much of a difference between a cloud VM getting access to a VFIO device from the hypervisor and a userspace device driver getting access to hardware from the microkernel. And there's a lot of money in making cloud VM networking & storage faster.