Maybe not particularly well known:

Walmart Labs: http://www.walmartlabs.com/

New York Times Labs: http://nytlabs.com/

Lockheed's Skunk Works comes to mind: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works

Google has its so-called X Lab: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_X_Lab

Xerox PARC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC

If you want to read a great page-turner history of PARC, check out Michael Hiltzik's book: Dealers of Lightning. One of his conclusions is that the laser printer alone paid for PARC several times over.

In Cambridge, MA alone we have Nokia Research Center (NRC), Microsoft NERD (no really, New England Research and Development Center, but they've dropped the C in the last year or two :-) Disney Research... up until a couple of years back we had Orange/France Telecom, too. (BITD there was a "$foo Cambridge Research Labs" for most computer/tech values of $foo; these days all the new buildings, and a lot of the old, are biotech instead.)

Still in the news area, some of the larger newspapers keep dedicated infoviz and digital media departments. They report news, but in ways that just aren't possible with a newspaper, and don't involved tables and tables of columns.

Bell Labs immediately comes to mind.