Triangulation by cell tower is really, really accurate.
Looking at call logs may require less.
That's why something like MDT was added to 3GPP standards and emergency calls trigger a hard GPS fix.
Abusing emergency location services is a much better explanation here. They can ping the device for a short time and it'll do its best (using A-GPS and WiFi) to provide an accurate position, without involving anyone since it's fully automated. Collecting positions from a carrier's network infrastructure is a more complex and slow task in comparison.