Yes. You do the following:

1. Set a "Screen time" passcode (different from your device passcode!)

2. Go into "Content and Privacy Restrictions" and set "Passcode Changes" and "Account Changes" both to "Don't Allow"

Now you will need to go back and enter your screen time passcode every time you try to change the settings of your Apple/iCloud account, which is sort of annoying. But it'll probably save your account if someone does get your phone passcode.