There aren't many. Enums[0] are probably the most common.

[0] https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/enums.html

Enums are one example. They are compiled to objects existing at runtime rather than stripped out like types.

How do you express option/enum types without enums? And if you do that, isn't it more of an unsupported way of doing things than using the native enum type?

Enum, namespace, type-oriented programming (e.g. https://type-level-typescript.com/ ), easy de-sugaring down to earlier versions of ECMAScript (e.g. converting async-await to switch statements).

Plus, whatever you can find under the "Reference" section: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/