Hmmm replacing if/else statements with a map/dictionary with pointers to either data or functions. A little off topic here but how do you propose to do this? Assuming we know what polymorphism is. Your map/dictionary style is quite interesting.
# Algorithms
def double(x): return x*2
def square(x): return x*x
def fact(x): return (x*fact(x-1) if x > 1 else 1)
# Data
choices = { 'A': double, 'B': square, 'C': fact }
# I/O
choice = raw_input('Choose A, B or C: ')
x = input('Enter a number: ')
if choice in choices:
print choices[choice](x)
else:
print 'Initiating self-destruct sequence.'
Also worthwhile: Instead of functions, let the dictionary values be lists of arguments for another (multi-argument) function. Then the lookup is like choosing from a set of possible configurations for that function. A little redundancy is OK, since the table is so easy to read and edit.