From any and every place where they gain or lose money. If Amazon gave 10% coupons on every single product and raised their minimum wage by $10, they wouldn't become negative profit and would arguably be creating more "real value" by paying workers more and allowing people to buy more. But the overall company profits would decrease.
advertisers, mostly, displacing the print media who used to do that
If I can pay your company $5 to get a customer with an LTV of $10, that's a deal I will take all day. I am not being exploited.