This is a common misconception. One big reason it's not true is because the vast majority of the wealth in the economy is stored in assets other than money (real property, stock, bonds, etc.), so doubling the money supply is very different from doubling the amount of wealth everyone has.

Now I imagine some might still be skeptical, but luckily this has been studied, and there are metrics like M2 that represent money supply. If you look at a graph of M2 vs inflation, they look pretty independent, and indeed studies have failed to find any statistically significant correlation between the two.