Images are formed by interference of plane waves propagating at different angles. To resolve finer details, your optical system needs to collect waves that were propagating away from the source (the moon) at larger angles. This means you can either get closer to the moon or increase the lens diameter. It doesn't matter how the lens works, you could use any photonics magic trick you want, you're still limited by the (aperture) size of the optical system.

Samsung's lens is purportedly too small to resolve the level of detail produced in the moon images.

The physical properties of diffraction establish fundamental minimum limits on the requisite lens aperture diameter for a given resolution.

See: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution#The_Rayle...

Also: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes%27_limit (simplified, for the more common use case)

>> Samsung’s process is more intrusive than this: it doesn’t just improve the sharpness of blurry details — it creates them.

There is no known technology that would make it physically possible to fit such a camera in a mobile phone, just as there is no known technology that would make it physically possible to travel faster than light.