It's an even bigger risk, generally, with pitcher/reservoir type systems (e.g. Brita or Pur) that require manual fills, given that they get a lot of environmental exposure. If you use a Brita pitcher for a while and then leave the filter media and pitcher somewhere at room temp for a couple weeks, you can often see evidence of fungal/microbial growth popping out of the bottom of the filter cartridge. It's pretty gross. I've also had a relative end up in the hospital with a pretty severe amoebic infection, which investigators traced back to her Brita filter cartridge she had neglected to change for some time.
And if you leave almost anything out at room temperature for weeks kept moist you're going to see gross growth. It's nothing specific to a filter.
But this is why you replace your Brita filter every 2-3 months and wash the container.
Refrigerator filters generally need to be replaced every 6 months.
It's both because they lose effectiveness and because bacteria builds up inside them.
And your ice maker is normally always cold.
But clean any parts that do get warm.
It's the total opposite of "practically nothing", it does exactly what I bought it for -- effectiveness 100%.
I find it strange you're insisting filters don't work when one can tell from taste that they clearly do. And scientifically, activated carbon absorbs chlorine -- that's not a myth. So everything checks out.
Pitcher filters work for chlorine.
I think most people buy filter pitches to fix the taste of water. Not for health or safety reasons.
Similar issues exist in most 'older' US cities. I started becoming worried about my water filter efficacy after moving to downtown DC and learning that a significant portion of the municipal water supply's last mile piping contains lead, and that while the municipal water is safe at the source, water in DC housing is often heavily contaminated by lead and other compounds resulting from the use of extremely aged pipe infrastructure.
Cheap filters improve taste, not water quality. And in most places that's all you need.