What kind of USB-C cables were you using? USB2, which is most charging cables, probably won't work. You likely need USB3 ones. I guess hard to tell just looking at random one but USB3 cables are shorter, thicker, and more expensive. You will probably have to buy one, I have a couple of USB3 cables and many charging ones.
Where does the Stream Deck get its power? The Macbook Pro does provide power on USB-C ports but only some ports may provide full power. I think on newer ones all the ports do. The other potential problem is the power direction. Stream Deck has a battery and it is possible that Stream Deck is charging the MBP. I don't think it is possible to reverse direction in MBP; it really should be popup and app to do that. That is may by why USB-A adapters work.