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Nice analysis.

It would be interesting to see comparison to Intel LBR.

Also would be nice to know how profiling unwinding is done on Windows (maybe someone knows how to summon Bruce Dawson).

AIUI the problems with LBR are two-fold. It only works on newish CPUs, and it only handles a limited number of stack frames (I heard 8, but maybe more on recent CPUs).

CET’s shadow stacks, on the other hand, will solve this entire problem, both exactly and extremely efficiently.

IIUC Windows implements in-kernel unwinding using FPO debug data embedded in every executable.

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