Dan Luu has a post (https://danluu.com/filesystem-errors/), which covers some of the same ground, and links to papers with more information on the failure modes of file systems in the face of errors from the underlying block device. Prabhakaran, et. al. (https://research.cs.wisc.edu/wind/Publications/iron-sosp05.p...), did a bunch of filesystem testing (in 2005!), and their paper includes discussion on how to generate "realistic" filesystem errors, as well as discussion of how the then state-of-the-art filesystems (ext3, Reiser (!), and JFS) perform in the face of these errors.

I'm unaware of any research newer than Dan Luu's post on filesystem error handling.