Exactly what I'm looking for recently.. I dismissed ZFS (not mature on Linux) and btrfs (seems to be too complex and buggy as seen in a few horror stories)

So far I started using --link-dest for rsync, as explained in https://lincolnloop.com/insights/detecting-file-moves-rename... and used in https://github.com/dparoli/hrsync/blob/master/hrsync#L52