Politics and the English Language (1946)
orwellfoundation.com
orwellfoundation.com
Orwell's job during WWII was translating news into Basic English, the 1000 word vocabulary, for radio transmission to the colonies. (India, Hong Kong, etc.) He had to take out ambiguity, euphemisms, and verbosity to hammer news into that limited vocabulary. He discovered that this is a political act. Removing ambiguity from political writing changes the meaning. It cannot be done neutrally, because reducing the ambiguous to the concrete requires making a decision.
Hence this essay, and, later, Newspeak.
(Source: "Orwell, the Lost Writings".)
Same thing with "correct" dialects of english, norms around hospitality, civility, showing respect etc. You can establish what is most common and demand people adhere to it, but that doesn't make it neutral.
It isn't neutral in either direction, of course, and is part of a growing push-back against the sort of ideology that rejects all names for and criticism of itself.
(this is where a closed forum, like a mailing list, has an easier time: one can aim for "what is generally acceptable among the known readership". To Kill A Mockingbird has a wonderful illustration of code switching, but was recently unacceptable to quote on a forum dealing with under- and over-class biases, both explicit and implicit, exactly because it literally used the n-word, and not only did it use it, but needed to do so, demonstrating the lines between in- and out-group usage. When it came to forum policy, the distinction between use and mention was lost.)
cf https://www.tatler.com/article/nancy-mitford-u-and-non-u-lan...
If speech is political enough that you're not sure if it's political, it's political.
Now try implementing that policy on a rap forum. One person's "common sense" is another person's nonsense.
But that said, "muddying the waters" is a particular view of it but yes I am pointing out that they are qualitatively the same. What is or isn't common sense is a value judgement you make based off of experiences and your estimation of who shares them and to what degree. It's not inherently neutral.
The two examples you mention are excellent demonstrations! 80 years ago that sort of language would have been expected, 50 it would have been tolerated, now it isn't. Because of changing political reality, which moderation polices are a part of.
It makes me rethink all the translated political speeches I've ever read.
cf Yes, Minister
Probably the most intelligent political comedy of all time, used to be a must-watch, and still highly regarded for the intelligentsia in multiple countries.
> Ring the changes on, take up the cudgels for, toe the line, ride roughshod over, stand shoulder to shoulder with, play into the hands of, no axe to grind, grist to the mill, fishing in troubled waters, on the order of the day, Achilles’ heel, swan song, hotbed.
the whole essay is hilariously savage. also this observation back in 1946:
> The word Fascism has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies ‘something not desirable’.
and finally
> You can shirk it by simply throwing your mind open and letting the ready-made phrases come crowding in. They will construct your sentences for you – even think your thoughts for you, to a certain extent – and at need they will perform the important service of partially concealing your meaning even from yourself.
reminds me of the capabilities of a certain chatbot as well.
i ultimately disagree because i'm too taken by descontructionists. orwell's assertion of finding pure, simple meaning in clear language, well i don't believe in that.
> When you think of a concrete object, you think wordlessly, and then, if you want to describe the thing you have been visualising, you probably hunt about till you find the exact words that seem to fit it.
[citation needed]
It’s hard not to notice that in official Communist usage even before WWII, the term “fascist” typically meant nothing other than “enemy”, which is how a lot of modern leftists use the term today. I can even find instances of anti-Stalinist leftists calling Stalin a fascist, which is fair enough to me!
That would be the only reason why I'd think this would not be self-evident. If I think of a concrete sidewalk, I literally imagine a suburban sidewalk composed of squares of poured concrete. I have a mental image of it prior to picking the words to describe it. Maybe it's white and smoothed, or gray and rough... But I still wordlessly visualize it.
In short, Wittgenstein put it best. Ways of life precede the language that nominatively identifies them.
my experience is that my 'conscious' thought is a constant thread of language in monologue. i'm not very good at meditation (though i don't practice much) because quieting my internal monologue feels nearly impossible. putting on podcasts helps me fall asleep because i no longer need to generate my own movement, but the external speaking can relax me.
i personally fall slightly more into the (maybe Lacanian) view that language is essential - maybe even primordial - in our formation of subjectivity. i don't necessarily buy into it 'scientifically' per se, but i'm skeptical of pure ideas existing without language, at least in any human subject capable of language. i don't really know, this is one of those places where i'm always fine tuning and changing my thoughts.
AFAICT that does happen to be scientifically inaccurate.
There have been experiments that show other primates exhibit a clear sense of fairness, for example. If one of the test subjects received food that was less desirable than what was given to the other test subject, the test subject with the less desirable food would get angry and eventually start throwing its food back at the researcher. I can't remember kind of primate this was. But they didn't possess a language, therefore this was an expression of a "pure idea existing without language."
I haven't read much more about this. But the idea that we acquired language while somehow dropping the ability to hold such pure ideas-- esp. in the domain of fairness-- seems unlikely.
This is a mind quieting exercise that I read about in a book, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.
Many people will get stuck when drawing, only making the crude symbols of the thing they are thinking about because they are thinking with the linguistic part of their brain. Much of the spacial processing tends to take place in the opposite hemisphere of the brain.
Repeating that same word over and over and over will exhaust the language processing part of your brain, allowing the non-verbal parts to do do their thing more effectively.
Relevant book: https://www.amazon.com/Drawing-Right-Side-Brain-Definitive/d...
Bonus bit: The concern you have with the intrinsic link between language and thinking is exactly why Orwell was completely justified to my thinking to be concerned about manipulation of language as a mechanism to control thought.
The escape hatch, as it were, is that language as a concept transcends any of it's concrete implementations, and is intrinsically bound to the act of being. We are immersed in the business of being, and one can imagine a mute, illiterate thinking being nevertheless existing and thinking, without spoken, written, or heard language. Their language would just be to point at what it is they are trying to describe, or recalling the memory of it. Our words as spoken or written, are just a shorthand that allows us to communicate with one another and evoke a shared experience of being.
Everything is language. A language can constrain your thinking within the context and grammar of that language, but another language lacking the same constraints need not necessarily constrain thinking in the same way.
Wittgenstein thusly posits that the very act of Philosophy is constantly engaging in language games, in which we experiment with changing up the rules by which we communicate in the attempt to forge shared understanding.
In short: Communication is really hard, and once you start thinking about, you'll really start having to wonder whether anyone really does deep and meaningful "we're saying the same thing about the same thing" level communication a lot less than we think we do.
on one hand, i feel a strong aversion to anybody trying to prescribe a better linguistic framework with the goal of solving political discourse. others in this thread have noted that this essay has become a guideline for political writing. as i think we have seen with media recently, news media was perfectly comfortable to eschew the lofty diction of academia for the down-to-earth writing of the 'middle class.' if you skip past CNN and Fox, consent will just as easily be manufactured with 30 second viral videos on TikTok.
on the other hand, i do really really care about politics and communication. i don't want to throw out all language just because those moments where truly deep and meaningful communication are indeed incredibly rare. i'm on a big critical theory kick lately and it leaves me pretty depressed... but also i think it's too accurate to ignore. i guess i'm just tired of the language games and the hope for an event which will only reproduce the same social relations. i want to believe! :)
anyway, you've left me with lots to think about, and i appreciate your explanations! i will look more into Wittgenstein, my path through these thinkers has been a little backwards and random since it's not through academia.
Happy diving!
Politics and the English Language (1946) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27067007 - May 2021 (20 comments)
Politics and the English Language (George Orwell, 1946) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24828499 - Oct 2020 (1 comment)
George Orwell on Writing and the 4 Questions Great Writers Must Ask Themselves - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=21712057 - Dec 2019 (1 comment)
George Orwell – Politics and the English Language (1946) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13538496 - Feb 2017 (21 comments)
George Orwell: Politics and the English Language - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12327324 - Aug 2016 (1 comment)
George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language” (1946) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12271030 - Aug 2016 (150 comments)
George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language” (1946) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=10452900 - Oct 2015 (2 comments)
George Orwell: Politics and the English Language (1946) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6643231 - Oct 2013 (62 comments)
“Politics and the English Language,” By George Orwell - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6277405 - Aug 2013 (2 comments)
Politics and the English Language [1945] - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=3752825 - March 2012 (13 comments)
George Orwell, "Politics and the English Language" 1946 - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2079477 - Jan 2011 (1 comment)
George Orwell - Politics and the English Language - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=997940 - Dec 2009 (14 comments)
Orwell: Politics and the English Language - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=636287 - June 2009 (14 comments)
Orwell Essay: Politics And The English Language - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=272211 - Aug 2008 (11 comments)
Politics and the English Language - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=115519 - Feb 2008 (5 comments)
(Reposts are ok on HN after a year or so: https://news.ycombinator.com/newsfaq.html)
> I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.
Becomes
> Objective considerations of contemporary phenomena compels the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be taken into account.
The Fascist octopus has sung its swan song!
Not really confined to politics either, unless you regard all argumentative writing (as in writing presenting a side of an argument of reasoning) as politics.
Basically use buzzwords strategically, people will agree on more than one expects if you get to the core of what's happening. When you use buzzwords the connotations already is set and taints everything you use around them
The technical term for this is "framing", fwiw.
[1] http://www.clarityphase.com/Framing/Simple%20Framing%20Georg...
[2] https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/34459.Metaphors_We_Live_...
Thoughts don't only compete along the vector of truthfulness, they also compete along the vector of stickiness.
I predict an acceleration in this tactic (and others) in most media going forward.