More details, from the people behind Apple’s internal leadership training:

Ever since Steve Jobs implemented the functional organization, Apple’s managers at every level, from senior vice president on down, have been expected to possess three key leadership characteristics:

1. deep expertise that allows them to meaningfully engage in all the work being done within their individual functions

2. immersion in the details of those functions;

3. and a willingness to collaboratively debate other functions during collective decision-making.

When managers have these attributes, decisions are made in a coordinated fashion by the people most qualified to make them.

Article: https://hbr.org/2020/11/how-apple-is-organized-for-innovatio...