I've worked remotely for Australian, UK and USA based companies(spanning about 15 years) and the camera on or off has been highly dependent on the individual teams and managers involved. That even includes 1 on 1s meetings; the first few generally have the camera on and then after that it seemed more based on if I took the initiative to turn my camera on first.

Even when it comes to job interviews, I've had a large number of them that didn't even set up a video conference call until the 2nd or 3rd round. Some jobs(particularly contract/consultant) only required phone interviews and my first video call was during a team introduction.

While not having to worry about turning a camera on is nice in some respects, I personally found that the companies that had the cameras on more often than not seemed to have a more pronounced company culture and more engagement between managers and employees. It doesn't however seem to affect the amount of work getting done or the inter-team cooperation but having the camera predominantly off does seem to require people that can handle social isolation better.

Humans are fundamentally social creatures so using a camera while working fully remote can really help some people on a psychological level not feel socially isolated from others.

https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/effects-of-social-isola...