I don't know much about "modern philosophy" but traditionally philosophy has focused on questions that are beyond or "prior to" scientific questions. For example modern science (which used to be called Natural Philosophy) is based on empiricism. The question of the extent to which empiricism is a valid means of gaining knowledge is a philosophical question, as is the question "what is knowledge". Both belong to the philosophical specialty of epistemology, which means the study of knowledge.

Another major area is the philosophy of mind which includes questions such as "what is consciousness" and "does consciousness arise from matter".