Funny story...A few years ago, my online reference hunting turned up a paper from China with three Chinese authors, and also exactly the same paper (down to the formatting and footnotes) from three Indian authors in India.
It's entirely possible that these were both copies of another paper in another country.
Plot twist: That were the same three people, but the paper was actually written by someone else.
The article measures the quality of papers produced by a country by the percentage of the world's top 1% cited papers they produced. This seems like it could be gamed.