https://styleguide.bundesregierung.de/sg-de/
Edit: under “Hilfsmittel” there‘s a “Web Component Library”, hidden behind a login.
2. So. Much. Bureaucracy.
3. Another factor that doesnt help is that the government pays quite poorly compared to the private companies. Any semi talented dev will find a better position than working for the government
Number 3 is the same in Denmark. You can almost double your salary if you work for the private sector.
I can assure you standardizing things is not something Germany is good at.
Well... at a federal level there is, but it's a confederacy so most of the time you're interacting with a local canton which has it's own set of systems.
Switzerland was a confederation prior to 1848, the now inaccurate name stuck for I assume sentimental reasons. The issue of republics is orthogonal to the topic under discussion.