What I don't understand about messaging is, do only the large providers have to be interoperable among each other or can I create my own crappy messaging app and integrate with WhatsApp, Messenger, Signal et al.?
Edit: typo
Edit: typo
Obviously there's a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem there, but if one of these gatekeepers has 100 million users, then it is hard to justify them writing and maintaining a load of extra code to interoperate with an app that has less than, say, 1 million users.
Perhaps in practice, though, the gatekeepers will be able to publish a simple API and say that all competitors who want to interoperate with them can do so, after signing a contract with their lawyers and exchanging public keys in person, and paying an administrative fee (to prevent spammers).