But `"türki̇ye".upper()` works correctly, at least in Python 3.9.

Interestingly, `"türki̇ye".title()` does _not_ work correctly, returning `"Türki̇Ye"`, presumably because the "title-case" algorithm incorrectly detects \xcc\x87 as punctuation. Not sure if this has been fixed in 3.10 or 3.11.

    Python 3.9.13 (main, May 24 2022, 21:13:51) 
    [Clang 13.1.6 (clang-1316.0.21.2)] on darwin
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> s = 'TÜRKİYE'
    >>> s.lower()
    'türki̇ye'
    >>> s.lower().upper()
    'TÜRKİYE'
    >>> s.lower().title()
    'Türki̇Ye'
    >>> s.lower().encode()
    b't\xc3\xbcrki\xcc\x87ye

Edit: It turns out that this behavior is documented [0], and the more-correct routine is `string.capwords` [1]:

> The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired result ... The string.capwords() function does not have this problem, as it splits words on spaces only.

[0]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.title

[1]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#string.capword...