If you have DBAs with organizational power and their shit together, they tend to ask awkward questions and tell you the baby is ugly. It’s easy for developers to do stupid shit and blame solar flares or whatever, but stored procedures are the DBAs realm, and the DBA knows who gets blamed when it blows up.
Like anything, there’s ups and downs. But if you can commit to a DBMS platform for the life of the app, there are compelling reasons to use it, even if it pisses off the devs.
But I have also seen organizations with the policy that any operation touching base tables should be encapsulated in a stored procedure. This makes development extremely cumbersome, especially if some DBA is gatekeeper for the stored procedures. Something like this might have burned your colleague.
Stored procedures have the downside that they often work only in one vendor's database.
Doesn't really matter, because no one is writing database-agnostic SQL (unless that's part of your product). Any non-trivial implementation is going to require the use of proprietary SQL.
Once you control the deployment environment it largely makes very little sense to spend much time on db agnosticism. But that’s also true of many other things that have left vestigial forms in our software today such as IOC containers, pluggable log libraries, configuration files instead of configuration code, etc.
It's a bit like if you wrote C and could only compile your program with Oracle's C-compiler. Where is progress in SQL standardization going?
In theory we can use a tool which tells if you SQL is ANSI compliant, but this would not tell if your code expect only standard compliant behavior from the database. E. g. some RDBMs are flexible in which formats they accept datetime strings and some are not. SQL can be standards-compliant but code still can fail with one DB and work with another.
It is not to say that standards are useless. It much easier to port an application from one DB to another if a developer was trying to use only ANSI SQL. Or you can write an application which can work with multiple RDBMs without modification but like with almost everything else - if you haven't tested it you cannot be sure that it works.