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The AI doesn't need to parse the source code. I haven't played Nethack, but based on the example given of writing ELBERETH in the dirt, the person training the model could add that to the potential actions being considered at each step and the model learns what it does by playing a million games.

They wouldn't necessarily need to parse the source code. E.g. initially training a neural network on replays of human runs (AlphaGo style, as opposed to AlphaZero) would probably be considered "spoiling" in the Nethack community, but it's a plausible approach assuming you can somehow obtain a training dataset.

I used to read the source code before I managed to find a guide and I never won the game. That could be Hack, not Nethack, too many years passed by.