I participate in the Vex Robotics Competition and have experience with the Vex V5 system. With $10k you can buy a Competition Kit [1] and many many parts.

With a kit like this and some 3d printing skills, the possibilities are endless, you can build lifts, intake and shoot balls and frisbees, pick up and pile boxes (albeit not super heavy stuff). You can use sensors to detect object colors and stuff.

You can use C++ code [2] to interact with the sensors and run basically any algorithm for autonomous use.

The biggest drawback is probably the lack of a raw camera and ability to run ML on the brain with a 'real computer'. However, it should be possible to add a Raspberry Pi and have it talk to the V5 Brain through a USB Serial connection.

[1] https://www.vexrobotics.com/v5-competition-super-kit.html [2] https://pros.cs.purdue.edu/