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Recall that PV panels are black. They get quite hot, almost certainly hotter than plain dirt would if uncovered. Plenty hot enough that you can't touch them for more than a moment.

For reference, that's somewhere just above 50°C

Yes, and when electricity is used to do work, the vast, overwhelming majority of the energy used is turned into heat.

So solar panels are moving heat, not sending it into a black hole somewhere.

That was my point.

I am not sure that is correct. It is possible that solar panels absorb more total energy and keep it locally than would otherwise be reflected back into space via radiative cooling.

Possibly, although it would behoove solar panels to have a high albedo along the non-electrically producing wavelengths. Lower panel temperatures mean higher efficiency, but the effort might not be worth the marginal improvement.