I think neo4j is used for those purposes. I'm not quite sure yet if they implement RDF or some custom/other concept.
In the Bib world things like the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) so every system talking about the author Charles Dickens used the exact same identifier for him, allowing different data stores to be easily traversed and linked together, by design.
I write “mostly” because recently neo4j has a “neosemantics” project which handles RDF. It is all pretty standards compliant RDF though, nothing custom at all.
For more information this may be a good start: https://neo4j.com/blog/rdf-triple-store-vs-labeled-property-...