This is if you have emacs-based keybindings (which is the default). M-f/M-b (Meta, often the alt key or option key) will move forward/backward a full word. C-f/C-b moves forward/backward a character. C-w kills the previous word (if you're in the middle of a word it leaves everything from the cursor to the end intact).

C-r will search backward in your history allowing you to type partial matches (like, "I know I compiled foo.c, but what options did I use?" type `C-r foo.c` and repeatedly type C-r until I find the compiler command I used).

https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bindable-... - for a lot more options

You can switch to vi keybindings with `set -o vi`.

I use Ctrl+u if I think I might have added a typo in a password and have not yet typed enter

This also works in any native text input on macOS.