The canonical Algorithms textbook is Introduction to Algorithms by Cormen et al. The MIT OpenCourseware course on Algorithms -- which includes videos and assignments -- follows along with that book: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-compu...
Note: In your case, I'll recommend against SICP as a first resource, which is mentioned in some other comments. It's more of an introduction to functional programming. From your description, I'm not sure you need an intro to programming. And functional programming in particular is not really on the critical path of knowledge you'll need to muck about in VR land. It's not irrelevant, but it's not the critical path. An algorithms course probably is indispensable for that endeavor, though.
By all means, read SICP if you'd like. It's a great resource. But if you're trying to get from "I can program" to "hardcore hacking on VR stuff", step 1 is probably a decent algorithms course taught in the imperative style.