The Wikipedia articles on Virus Latency[1] and Slow Viruses[2] offer some examples. Some widespread examples:

  varicella zoster virus: chickenpox => shingles
  HPV: warts/precancerous lesions => cancer

(Note: also layperson.)

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_latency

[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_virus