As I understand it, this is quite commonplace in Japan. According to a Japanese colleague, phones produced by Japanese manufacturers for local sale are legally obliged to support this feature.
Actually, it's not exactly a hardware feature, it's just an app. After the Tohoku Earthquake in March, many people started using early-warning apps. So yes, it's commonplace.
This system uses a feature defined in 3GPP and probably can be implemented in cellular networks in other countries than Japan. However it may need modifications of the software in the network, it may take several years to be fully deployed.