Of course, I don't claim to have been to most of the beaches out there, but I've been to a few! Have I just been getting really lucky?
The sewage problem is largely solved nowadays, thanks to modern sewage treatment plants, but thanks to the disastrous EU agricultural policy (CAP) there has been no improvement at all in the agricultural runoff for over 20 years.
It's like if you asked a lifeguard if it was safe to swim and they replied "Many people survive".
I love the Charles River and spent a lot of time growing up around it in Cambridge and city-side on the Esplanade. I've got great memories from both Pops and pop concerts in the Hatch Shell - but yea, no where in those memories is anything about voluntarily going into the river - avoiding even dipping a toe into that was ingrained into us at a young age.
Actually, yea, I think the river is quite clean. Especially now that I've seen bodies of water that have an oily sheen on them - and ones that sting if you get them on your skin. I think I'd probably be pretty adverse to swimming in the Charles - but I'd definitely prefer it any day over False Creek in Vancouver.
My biggest concern with questionable water these days is always the bed they rest on - usually the water tends to be pretty clear even in heavily polluted areas (though oil floats so some forms of pollution are quite contrary to that) - but all the really dangerous stuff tends to slowly separate out and settle on the bottom. It's when kids get in and kick up the muck at the bottom of one of these rivers that I get most concerned.
Also yea - this is pretty much all anecdotal as well.
The days the Charles is unswimmable is a few hot summer days after rainstorms (and in the winters when it freezes up!). In the summer the water is warm enough and the runoff after storms brings in enough nutrients from the city that cyanobacteria grow like crazy and create a paralysis risk. On these days the Boston DCR does a pretty good job making sure everyone knows to stay dry for the day.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62XRy-jFCm8
London has many "vanished" rivers, the most famous of which is the Fleet.
In earlier times it was nice enough that a royal palace was built on its banks, but by the Restoration it had become what Neal Stephenson's _Baroque Cycle_ described as a "river of shit" (the palace had been converted into a prison by then, too).
So considerate!
Then in the 80s, long after the dam was put in, they had enormous air bubblers in the Charles Basin to stir up the stagnant bottom water. Fun to sail through.