A book that appeared previously on Hackernews is Lev Tarasov's "The world is built on probability". This is not striclty a textbook, but it is translated in English in a way that preserves a lot of the feel of the original: https://archive.org/details/TheWorldIsBuiltOnProbability

For examples of beautifully crafted exercises see this: https://www.imaginary.org/sites/default/files/taskbook_arnol...

There are plenty of books in Western literature where exercises are also very good, and not only in math, but other fields too. One that comes to mind is Jon Bentley's "Programming Pearls", which has very well chosen exercises.

"Mathematics: Its Contents, Methods, And Meaning"

https://archive.org/details/MathematicsItsContentsMethodsAnd...